Cytogenetics studies in Brazilian species of Pseudophyllinae (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae): 2n(♂)=35 and fn=35 the probable basic and ancestral karyotype of the family tettigoniidae

The karyotypes of five species of Brazilian Pseudophyllinae belonging to four tribes were here studied. The data available in the literature altogether with those obtained with species in here studied allowed us to infer that 2n(♂)=35 is the highest chromosome number found in the family Tettigoniidae and that it is present in species belonging to Pseudophyllinae, Zaprochilinae and in one species of Tettigoniinae. In spite of that all five species exhibit secondary karyotypes arisen surely by a mechanism of chromosomal rearrangement of centric fusion, tandem fusion and centric inversion types from those with 2n(♂)=35 and FN=35, they share some common traits. The X chromosome is submetacentric (FN=36), heteropicnotic during the first prophase, the largest of the set but its size is rather variable among the species and the sex chromosomal mechanism is of the XO( ♂ ), XX( ♀ ) type. The chromosomal rearrangements involved in the karyotype evolution of the Pseudophyllinae and its relationship with those of the family Tettigoniidae are discussed and we propose that the basic and the ancestral karyotype of the Tettigoniidae is formed by 2n(♂)=35, FN=35 and not by 2n(♂)=31, FN= 31, as usually accepted.

Cytogenetics studies in thirteen Brazilian species of Phaneropterinae (Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea: Tettigoniidae): main evolutive trends based on their karyological traits

The thirteen species of Phaneropterinae here studied can be arranged in four different groups according to their basic karyological traits. All of them share the same kind of chromosomal sex determining mechanism with X0(male) and XX(female). The X chromosome differs among species and always appears heteropycnotic during prophase I, it is the largest in the set and segregates precociously during anaphase I. Among the species, the karyotypes varies in fundamental number between 31 to 21. The meaning of these significant changes in the karyotypes in relation to the phylogeny within some large taxonomic group of species is discussed.

As treze espécies de Phaneropterinae estudadas neste trabalho podem ser organizadas em quatro diferentes grupos tomando como referência suas características cariotípicas. Todas possuem sistema cromossômico de determinação sexual do tipo X0(masculino), XX(feminino). O cromossomo X é sempre heteropicnótico durante a prófase I, tem dimensões e morfologias variáveis nas diferentes espécies mas é sempre o maior elemento do cariótipo, além de apresentar segregação precoce durante a anáfase I. O número cromossômico fundamental (NF) varia de 21 a 32. Neste trabalho, são discutidos os significados evolutivos das variações cariotípicas encontradas e suas correlações filogenéticas com outros grupos de espécies pertencentes à mesma subfamília.

Comparative anatomy of the male reproductive internal organs of 51 species of bees / Anatomia comparada dos órgãos do aparelho reprodutor masculino de 51 espécies de abelhas

A anatomia dos órgãos internos do aparelho reprodutor de machos (ARM) adultos e pupas foi comparada em 51 espécies de abelhas, incluindo representantes de seis famílias. Foram obtidos quatro tipos diferentes de ARM. O tipo I está presente em machos das famílias mais basais (Colletidae,Andrenidae e Halictidae) e é caracterizado por três túbulos seminíferos por testículo, o qual é quasetotalmente envolvido pela membrana escrotal. O tipo II é um tipo intermediário entre os tipos I e III e estápresente em Mellitidae e Megachilidae, como também em alguns Apidae estudados, sendo caracterizado por possuir dutos deferentes pós-vesiculares fora da membrana escrotal e possuir três ou quatro túbulos seminíferos por testículo, exceto Apis mellifera L., a qual possui secundariamente um número aumentado de túbulos. O tipo III foi achado somente nos Apidae estudados e é caracterizado por apresentar os testículos e dutos genitais (exceto o duto deferente pós-vesicular) encapsulados separadamente, as glândulas acessórias são bem desenvolvidas e o duto ejaculador é calibroso, apresentando fissuras em sua parede externa, as quais podem ocorrer também no tipo II. O tipo IV está presente exclusivamente na tribo Meliponini e é caracterizado pela ausência de glândulas acessórias.

The anatomy of the internal organs of the male reproductive apparatus (MRA) of adults and pupae was compared among 51 species of bees, including representatives of six families. Fourdifferent types of MRA were found. The type I is present in males of the less derived families (Colletidae, Andrenidae, and Halictidae) and is characterized by three seminiferous tubules per testis, which are almost completely enveloped by the scrotal membrane. The type II is an intermediary between types III and I and is present in Melittidae and Megachilidae, as well as in some Apidae studied, being characterized by post-vesicular deferent ducts outside the scrotal membrane and by three or fourseminiferous tubules per testis, except for Apis mellifera L., which has a secondarily increased number of tubules. Type III was only found in the Apidae studied and is characterized by separately encapsulated testes and genital ducts (except for the post-vesicular deferent duct). Accessory glands are well developed, and the ejaculatory duct is thickened with fissures in its wall, which may also occur in the type II. Type IV is present exclusively in the tribe Meliponini, and is characterized by the absence of accessory glands.